How well can you answer the following questions?
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"},{"answer":"I could describe the basic processes or principles.
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Use this data to answer the question that follows.
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","headerColumn":true,"decimalPlaces":2,"cellFormat":"number"},{"cellStyle":"grayCellStyle","content":"Tension
","headerColumn":false,"decimalPlaces":2,"cellFormat":"number"},{"cellStyle":"grayCellStyle","content":"Muscle Length
","headerColumn":false,"decimalPlaces":2,"cellFormat":"number"},{"cellStyle":"grayCellStyle","content":"Joint
","headerColumn":false,"decimalPlaces":2,"cellFormat":"number"}]},{"headerRow":false,"columns":[{"cellStyle":"defaultCellStyle","content":"","headerColumn":true,"decimalPlaces":2,"cellFormat":"number"},{"cellStyle":"defaultCellStyle","content":"Muscle develops tension
","headerColumn":false,"decimalPlaces":2,"cellFormat":"number"},{"cellStyle":"defaultCellStyle","content":"Muscle stays the same length during contraction
","headerColumn":false,"decimalPlaces":2,"cellFormat":"number"},{"cellStyle":"defaultCellStyle","content":"Joint remains in a fixed position (without movement)
","headerColumn":false,"decimalPlaces":2,"cellFormat":"number"}]},{"headerRow":false,"columns":[{"cellStyle":"defaultCellStyle","content":"","headerColumn":true,"decimalPlaces":2,"cellFormat":"number"},{"cellStyle":"defaultCellStyle","content":"Muscle tension stays the same
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Muscle shortens
Muscle lengthens
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Each skeletal muscle fiber is long (up to 30cm; 12 inches) and striated in appearance. The striations in skeletal muscle are a result of many repeating units called sarcomeres, which are the functional units of the muscle. Sarcomeres are found in myofibrils.
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The release of Ca2+ provides the link between electrical excitation of muscle, and the mechanical event of cross-bridge formation. This is referred to as "excitation-contraction coupling".
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The smaller the motor unit, the finer the control of movement in that muscle. Muscles that control the movement of the fingers and eyes are innervated by small motor units, which allow for fine motor control (small movements). In comparison, motor units that control larger limb muscles may be much larger in size.
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2. ATP hydrolysis; myosin head becomes “cocked”; The enzyme ATPase hydrolyzes (breaks down) ATP to ADP and Pi, but ADP and Pi remain attached to myosin. The myosin head rotates to a "cocked" position so that it is aligned with a new actin binding site (further along the actin filament).
3. Pi dissociates from myosin; new crossbridge forms; Pi dissociates from the myosin head and allows myosin to bind with high affinity to actin; a new crossbridge is formed.
4. Powerstroke occurs; muscle shortens; The myosin neck rotates around the myosin head which is attached to actin. This bending action results in a "powerstroke" where myosin pulls actin closer to the center of the sarcomere. The muscle shortens and force is generated in the muscle.
5. ADP dissociates from myosin; myosin awaits another ATP molecule; ADP dissociates from myosin, but actin and myosin remain attached and in a rigid state. Another ATP molecule is required to break the link between actin and myosin, and for another crossbridge cycle to start.
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When you select a [+], you will be asked questions that require you to recall information, relate a concept to something you already know, or reflect on the topic in a new way. These techniques are proven to improve memory of the material, which makes it easier to retrieve.
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Therefore, muscles that control movement of the fingers are innervated by small motor units.
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Exercises where poses are sustained for a period of time, such as in yoga, require isometric contraction.
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Summation occurs when the Ca2+ concentration in the sarcoplasm is still above baseline levels when another action potential arrives. The muscle fiber has not completely relaxed in between stimuli, and the second contraction is therefore stronger than normal.
Incomplete tetanus (also called unfused tetanus) occurs if stimulation frequency is high, but at a rate that still allows partial relaxation of muscle between twitches.
At even higher stimulation frequencies, the muscle has no time to relax between successive stimuli. The result is a smooth contraction much stronger than a single twitch: a tetanic contraction. The muscle is now said to be in a state of "tetanus".
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The SR membrane also contains an ATP-fueled pump called SERCA (sarcoendoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase).
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The force of the twitch increases progressively as more motor nerve fibers are excited. This occurs until a maximum response is reached when all of the motor units that supply the muscle have been activated.
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Which of the following statements regarding recruitment are true, and which are false?
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Affinity refers to the strength by which two things bind. Dissociation of Pi from from the myosin head allows myosin to bind actin with greater affinity, and a strong crossbridge is formed.
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Describe new topics in your own words.
What is the relationship between nerves and muscle fibers?
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You can use these to guide your study.
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remember to repeat!
Shown below is example data of electrical activity (EMG) and force of contraction recorded during a twitch response. Move through records 1–3 to see how the EMG and force of the twitch response changes as stimulus strength (mA) is increased.
Use this data to answer the questions that follow.
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[2] Medina, J. (2014). Brain rules: 12 principles for surviving and thriving at work, home and school. Seattle: Pear press.
[3] McGuire, S. Y., McGuire, S., & Angelo, T. A. (2015). Teach students how to learn: strategies you can incorporate into any course to improve student metacognition, study skills, and motivation. Sterling: Stylus Publishing.
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Tetanus is the focus of a famous artwork painted by Sir Charles Bell in 1809. The painting depicts a warrior suffering tetanus. The man's muscles are in a state of sustained contraction, pulling him into the classic "bow shape" that many people succumb to while suffering tetanus.
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The epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium are layers of connective tissue that help to protect the muscle. While the endomysium is delicate, the epimysium is tougher and more resistant to tears.
The epimysium must be tough to reduce friction with other muscles and bones. There are additional layers of connective tissue that surround the muscle (for example, deep fascia) which further protect the muscle.
In contrast, the endomysium is a delicate layer of connective tissue that helps regulate the chemical environment around each nerve fiber.
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Arrange events at the NMJ and afterwards, in the order in which they occur.
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